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Stopping power

A1  ?? Determine the coordinates $x_1'$, $y_1'$ of the muon in MF as the function of time $t$ in LF. Determine the coordinates $x_2'$, $y_2'$ of the particle in MF as the function of time $t$ in LF. Express the answers in terms of $\gamma$, $v$ and $t$.

Let us write down how the muon coordinates $(t,vt,b,0)$ transform from the LF to the FM. The FM moves with velocity $v$ relative to the LF along the $x$-axis:
\[
\begin{cases}
ct_1' = ct \cosh \theta - vt \sinh \theta = \gamma c t (1 - v^2/c^2) = \frac{ct}{\gamma}\\
x_1' = vt \cosh \theta - ct \sinh \theta = \gamma ct ( v/c - v/c) = 0 \\
y_1' = b
\end{cases}
\]

Now let us write down how the particle coordinates $(t,0,0,0)$ transform from the LF to the FM:
\[
\begin{cases}
ct_2' = ct \cosh \theta = \gamma ct \\
x_2' = -ct \sinh \theta = -\gamma vt\\
y_2' = 0\\
\end{cases}
\]

A2  ?? Determine the electric $\vec{E}'$ and magnetic $\vec{B}'$ fields created by the muon in the MF at the point where the particle is located. Express the answer in terms of $e$, $\varepsilon_0$, $b$, $\gamma$, $v$ and $t$.

In FM the EM filed produced by the muon is electrostatic:
\[
\vec{E}' = \frac{-e}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0}
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{-\gamma vt}{(b^2 + \gamma^2 v^2 t^2)^{3/2}} \\ \frac{-b}{(b^2 + \gamma^2 v^2 t^2)^{3/2}} \\ 0
\end{pmatrix}
, \quad \vec{B}' = 0\]

A3  ?? Determine the electric $\vec{E}$ and magnetic $\vec{B}$ fields created in the LF by the muon at the point where the particle is located. Express the answer in terms of $e$, $\varepsilon_0$, $b$, $\gamma$, $v$ and $t$.

To calculate fields $\vec{E}$ and $\vec{B}$ we should apply the boost of velocity $v$ in positive direction of $x$-axis.
\[
\vec{E} = \frac{-e}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0}
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{-\gamma vt}{(b^2 + \gamma^2 v^2 t^2)^{3/2}} \\
\frac{-\gamma b}{(b^2 + \gamma^2 v^2 t^2)^{3/2}} \\
0
\end{pmatrix}
, \quad
\vec{B} = \frac{\gamma v}{c^2} \frac{-e}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0}
\begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
0 \\
\frac{- b}{(b^2 + \gamma^2 v^2 t^2)^{3/2}} \\
\end{pmatrix}
\]

A4  ?? Express $|\Delta p|$ in terms of $Z$, $e$, $\varepsilon_0$, $b$, $v$ and
\[I = \int\limits_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \frac{dx}{(1+x^2)^{3/2}}.\]Assume that the particle doesn't have enough time to move during the interaction with the muon. Along which axis is the momentum of the particle changed?

The interaction with the magnetic field is negligible because the particle velocity is small compared to the speed of light. From the symmetry of $E_x$ under $t \to -t$ , it is clear that the total momentum acquired along the $x$-axis is zero.

\[ |\Delta p| = \left|\int\limits_{-\infty}^{+\infty} Ze E_y \, dt \right| = \frac{|Z|e^2}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \int\limits_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \frac{\gamma b }{(b^2 + \gamma^2 v^2 t^2)^{3/2}} dt \]Using the substitution $x=\gamma v t /b$ we obtain
\[|\Delta p | = \frac{|Z|e^2}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{1}{bv} \int\limits_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \frac{dx}{(1+x^2)^{3/2}}\]

A5  ?? Express $|\Delta p|$ in terms of $Z$, $e$, $\varepsilon_0$, $b$, $v$.

Using the substitution $x = \sinh u$ we can calculate the integral:
\[ I = \int\limits_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \frac{\cosh u }{\cosh^3 u} du = \int\limits_{-1}^{+1} d ( \tanh u ) = 2\]

Ответ: \[|\Delta p | = \frac{|Z|e^2}{2 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{1}{bv}\]
A6  ?? Express $\Delta E$ in terms of $Z$, $e$, $\varepsilon_0$, $b$, $v$, $m$.

Ответ: \[\Delta E = \frac{Z^2e^4}{8 \pi^2 \varepsilon_0^2} \frac{1}{mv^2b^2} \]
A7  ?? Determine the specific energy loss per unit length $L$ of the medium, $dE/dL$, for the muon. Express the answer in terms of $Z_0$, $n_0$, $e$, $\varepsilon_0$, $v$, $m_e$, $b_\text{max}/b_\text{min}$.

Let us consider a thin-walled cylinder of length $dL$, radius $b$, and wall thickness $db$ in the medium. There are $Z_0 n_0 \cdot 2\pi b \, db \, dL$ electrons inside this cylinder. Thus, the energy loss is
\[dE = Z_0 n_0 \, dL \int\limits_{b_\text{min}}^{b_\text{max}} \frac{e^4}{8 \pi^2 \varepsilon_0^2} \frac{1}{m_ev^2b^2} \cdot 2 \pi b \, db = Z_0 n_0 \, dL \, \frac{e^4}{4\pi \varepsilon_0^2} \frac{1}{m_e v^2} \ln \frac{b_\text{max}}{b_\text{min}} \]

Ответ: \[\frac{dE}{dL} = Z_0 n_0 \frac{e^4}{4\pi \varepsilon_0^2} \frac{1}{m_e v^2} \ln \frac{b_\text{max}}{b_\text{min}} \]